Generations of computers.

 

Generations of computers.

The development period of electronic computing technology is called Computer Generation.

The Generations of computers are classified based on its operations, languages and devices used in it. In each generation of computer, the new advancements are evolved. The Generation of Computer Evolution is Generally Divided into 5 Categories.

Lets us begin with the first generations of computers.

The First Generation of Computers- (1940 -1956)

·        The main electronic components based on vacuum tubes.

·        Magnetic drum for storing the data. 

·        The machine language was used as the programming language.

·        The only input/output devices were paper tape and punched cards.

·        The size of the computer in this generation is larger like room size and limited to basic operation. And the speed was very slow.

·        Examples are UNIVAC, ENIAC etc.

The Second Generation of Computers- (1956-1963)

·        Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors.

·        The main memory storing units were magnetic tape or disk and magnetic core.

·        The assembly language was used as the programming language

·        The input/output devices were magnetic tape and punched cards

·        The sizes were smaller as compared to those of the first generation and they used to consume low power and generate less heat.

·        There was an improvement in speed.

·        Examples are IBM 1401, IBM 7094 AND IBM 7090, UNIVAC 1107, and so on.

The Third Generation of Computers- (1964-1975)

·        The main electronic components based on integrated circuits ICs.

·        The memory storing units were the magnetic disk or tape and a large magnetic core.

·        High-level languages such as BASIC, COBOL, and Pascal were used as the programming language.

·        The input/output devices were keyboards, monitor, printer, etc.

·        The sizes were smaller and efficient and the computers were called minicomputers.

·        There was an improvement in reliability and speed as compared to the second generation of computers.

·        Examples are IBM 370, IBM 360, UNIVAC 1108 and so on.

The Fourth Generation of Computers- (1975-present)

·        The main electronic components based on microprocessors and very large scale integration (VLSI).When thousands of transistors are attached to a single microchip, it is known as VLSI.

·        Semiconductor memory storage units such as RAM, ROM were introduced.

·        RAM (random-access memory)- Temporarily stores the programs and data and the contents are lost when the computer is shut down.

·        ROM (read-only memory)- Permanently stores the data and programs and the contents are retained even after shutting down the computer.

·        High-level languages such as JAVA, Python, JavaScript are used as programming languages.

·        The sizes are smaller and the speed has improved.

·        The input/output devices are a monitor, mouse, keyboard, printer, and so on.

·        Examples are STAR 1000, APPLE II, IBM PC, and so on.

The Fifth Generation of Computers- (present and the future)

·        The main electronic components that are used in the present generation of computers are Artificial Intelligence which uses the parallel processing method and the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI).

·        The fifth generation of computers understands the natural human language.

·        The speeds are really fast and the sizes are also small.

·        The fifth-generation computers are portable and have a huge storage capacity.

·        The input/output devices are keyboards, monitors, touchscreen pens, printers, light scanners, and so on.

·        Examples are laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, Robot etc.

 

                                      

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